Tituba and two elderly women Essay Example for Free

Tituba and two elderly women Essay However nobody can be held totally responsible, if the people had not believed Abigail and been so nai ve to think that witchcraft was present in the village none of it would have happened. The heroes of the story are all those that stuck to their principles and died for their cause. Corey would not condemn his friend as the others had done and stuck to his principles throughout the play. Rebecca Nurse who will not lie to save herself and Proctor who fights against the charges and does what is morally right in the end. Hale tried to be a hero as he tried to save the lives of the condemned but it was too late for him, the damage had been done. The village rapidly becomes split in two, those who are for the court and those against it. For the court are: Parris, Abigail, Danforth, Hathorne, Mary Warren, Putnam and Goody Putnam, all having very different reasons for being on that side, they are also supported by the majority of the. Against the court are: Elizabeth, Proctor, Giles Corey, Martha Corey, Rebecca Nurse and Francis Nurse. Hale is for the court proceedings at the beginning of the story then changes to against during the court scene in Act Three. These are quotes that support the court: Mrs Putnam: You think it is Gods work you should never lose a child, nor grandchild either, and I shall bury all but one? There are wheels within wheels in this village, and fire within fires! Putnam: She cannot bear to hear the Lords name, Mr Hale; thats a sure sign of witchcraft afloat. This woman must be hanged! She must be taken and hanged! Mary: I must tell you sir, I will be gone every day now. I am amazed that you not see what weighty work we do. You must see it sir, its Gods work we do. So Ill be gone every day for some time. Im I am an official of the court, they say. I am bound by law, I cannot tell it. Cheever: I am a clerk of the court now, yknow. Hathorne: Arrest him Excellency! This is contempt, sir, contempt. Danforth: This is the highest court of the supreme government of this province, do you know it? But you must understand, sir, a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it, there be no road in between. Hang them high over the town! Who weeps for these weeps for corruption! Parris: Hes come to overthrow this court, Your Honour! These are quotes against the court: Rebecca: I think Ill go then. I am too old for this. Francis: Reverend Hale! Can you not speak to the Deputy Governor? Im sure he mistakes these people. We have proof of it, sir. They are all deceiving you. Proctor: If she is innocent! Why do you never wonder if Parris be innocent, or Abigail? Is the accuser always holy now? Were they born this morning as clear as Gods fingers? Ill tell you whats walking Salem vengeance is walking Salem. We are what we always were in Salem, but now the little children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the law. I will fall like an ocean on that court! Hale after he sides with the court: I denounce these proceedings, I quit this court! Throughout the play Miller is trying to convey certain messages which he felt were important. Although this was written fifty years ago, many are relevant today. One message is Power corrupts the power that Abigail held over not only the girls but also the community helped her to corrupt their minds and beliefs. Without this corrupting power the situation would not have gone to court and innocent people would not have died. Corporal and capital punishment are wrong. Throughout the play each character that was for the court was not for it for the right reasons. Parris was for the court to gain revenge on Proctor and to retain his position in the community, Abigail to take the blame off herself and to eradicate Elizabeth from the love triangle, Putnam to gain land and Mrs Putnam as she cannot seem to grasp the fact that she cannot have children, Hathorne and Danforth as they are enforcing the law and Mary Warren as she is taken in by Abigail. None of the accusations are based on true facts, as a result of these lies innocent people were hanged. If we read the Echoes down the Corridor it states that Twenty years after the last execution, the government awarded compensation to the victims still living and to the families of the dead. Basically the government admits that the hangings were wrong, but no money will bring back the people who were lost, capital punishment cannot bring back the dead if they are found to be innocent later. Echoes down the corridor gives the reader an insight into what happened after the hangings and the effect on the community, Parris was voted from office and left Salem, Abigail turns into a prostitute, Elizabeth married again and farms belonging to victims were left to ruin. The things mentioned are true and are not fictional it shows that Abigail, after her scheming lying ended up in the lowest, demeaning job. Greed is a powerful motivator. The Putnams throughout the play are fuelled by their greed for more land. Their motivation for encouraging the trials, along with the death of their seven babies was greed for land. They do not care who they hurt and consequently, in effect murder, so long as they get what they want. Consider the consequences of your words/actions. Throughout the story people did not think what the possible consequences could be of crying witchcraft. If Abigail had stopped to think that there was a possibility that Proctor would have been hanged, she would not have done what she did. Proctor did not think when he slept with Abigail that Elizabeth would find out and that it would cause friction in their relationship. If Mrs Putnam had accepted the fact that she cannot bear children, she would not have accused anyone, then lives would not have been lost. If Hale had realised right from the beginning that witchcraft was not present in Salem, that the accusations would lead to innocent people being hanged and listened to his conscience, then he may not have been so hungry for statements. Evil as well as good is endemic in society. Both evil and good people can be found in society. Characters such as Abigail, Putnam and Parris were evil in the story and good characters were Proctor, Elizabeth, Giles Corey and Rebecca Nurse. However if there were no evil people in society and in the play we would not know what good was. I think this is an excellent play. I like the way it is based on a true story as it makes it more interesting to read and watch. I think that Miller is a very clever playwright using interesting plots, characters and language to add interest to the play. The messages it conveys were not only relevant then but also now, there is evidence supporting many of his messages today. I think the way Miller leaves it up to you to decide about the characters personalities and their actions is part of what makes the play please everyone, everybody can take something away from the play. My particular favourite quote is said by Elizabeth in Act Two I do not judge you. The magistrate sits in your heart that judges you. To me it means that the only person who can judge you is yourself, nobody else can, as long as you are happy with whom you are. The tension and drama of the play, particularly between John and Elizabeth and during the court scene makes an excellent play. There is great contrast between certain moments for example Act One ends with frantic cries from the girls then Act Two begins with tension and silence between Elizabeth and John. Throughout the story you constantly ask yourself, will John stick to his principles and become a martyr or will he back down and live? Will people continue to believe Abigail? These elements of the play makes you want to read on and find out. The love element throughout the story makes it interesting and we can empathise with the characters, the plot is not unbelievable. The ending has a twist to it, we begin to believe that Proctor will sign the confession then he tears it up, the ending satisfies everybody, Proctor is forgiven and dies a hero. We know Abigail is a villain, but we cannot help but feel some sympathy for her, she watched her own parents killed, she is an orphan living in a community in which she feels suffocated and her heart has been torn apart. When we first began to read the play I did not understand it because there are so many characters and I did not understand the background to the play or generally what was happening. The language was difficult to understand and I did not understand where the play was leading. When we watched a video of the play I began to understand it and was disappointed when we finished reading the play as I had just begun to enjoy it. When I watched the video I learnt who all the characters were, what their positions were in the village and what was happening. I found it easier to understand and I felt that the costumes and the houses made me feel more like I was there. I thought the video was close to the script in the book and was a good representation of the play in film form. I think that if I read this play again I would really understand it and appreciate it even more. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Nursing Care Plan for Elderly Woman with Shortness of Breath

Nursing Care Plan for Elderly Woman with Shortness of Breath Fortis College Nursing Care Plan Patient Demographics Student: _Brenda Davis_____ Clinical Site: __JVH_______ Date: ___08/06/2014_______________ Client Initials: __E.D.__ Age: __65_______ Weight: _75.7 kg Height: ___69________in. Primary Language:_English____ Religion: _LDS, active in church__ Culture: __Retired lives with daughter and son-on law, they are at the bedside off and on throughout the day____________________ Admitting Diagnosis: ___Pneumoia_________________________________________________________ Secondary Diagnosis: __Hypoxia___________________________________________________________ Allergies Reactions: __No Allergies_______ Code Status: DNR_____ Physician:__Chandler________ Physical Assessment LABS DIAGNOSTIC TESTS MEDICATIONS References Ackley, B. J. Ladwig, G. B. (2014). Nursing diagnosis handbook: An evidence-based guide to planning care. (10th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Jordan Valley Hospital, Electronic medical records, West Jordan UT. Lewis, S.,Heitkemper, M., Dirksen, S., O’Brien, P., Bucher, L. (2010). Medical-surgical nursing: Assessment and management of clinical problems (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Elsevier. Pagana, KathleenDeska,Pagana, Timothy J. (2010). Mosbys Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests (4thed). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Skidmore-Roth, Linda, (2012) Mosbys Drug Guide for Nurses, with 2012 Update: 9th Edition

Implementing IMC at lower levels of theoretical models

Implementing IMC at lower levels of theoretical models This report is about the use of Integrated Marketing Communications in the marketing industry, in particular focusing on the various definitions that exist for IMC. My report also investigates why organisations choose not to approach IMC or if they do why they appear to only implement it at the lower levels of the theoretical models and not take it further. I will do this by discussing IMC in a variety of ways and looking at organisations as examples, whilst considering many academics views on IMC and its future from the many journals I have read. Integrated Marketing Communications is the integration of all marketing communication tools and sources from within a company put in conjunction in order to create a campaign that maximizes the impact on consumers with minimal cost. The marketing communications mix is the starting point of IMC and the end aim to achieve is to maintain strong communication throughout the company and customers. The marketing mix consists of the following tools advertising, direct marketing, public relations, personal selling and sales promotion. The goal is to combine all these tools along with the organisations message and other aspects of the marketing mix, in order to overtake any competitors. The definitional concern of IMC has been an ongoing problem amongst the academics. There are a range of various definitions some of which are contrasting, although even those with similar points vary hugely in terms of technique and simplicity. Schulz and Schulz (1998) introduced a new definition which in the opinions of others includes both the current and future features of IMC. This definition emphasises the strategic aspects and refers to IMC as a business process instead of simply the combining of marketing tools. Although this definition is successful Kliatchko believed that for it to be complete it must not limit the scope of IMC to the strategic management of multiple audiences or markets, multiple channels and financial results, as it is therefore leaving out crucial content which is obtained and delivered through the IMC process. Although it could be argued that this is implied in the term marketing communication, Kliatchko felt it was important to be stated also. This new definition also implements the term business process which was previously introduced by Schultz and Schultz (1998). Kliatchko (2005) agrees tremendously with this term and explains that it perfectly describes the core of integration. In addition it also supports the findings of Jones et al. (2004) and Fill (2002) that IMC has advanced from purely being a communication process to a management process. IMC is an audience-driven business process of strategically managing stakeholders, content, channels and results of brand communication programs Kliatchko (2008). One key difference between Kliatchko and the Schultz and Schultz (1998) definition is the use of the term business processes, Kliatchko highlights how it is audience driven on order to reinforce the view that IMC gives to significant publics. Fill concentrates on the relationship with audiences, IMC is a strategic approach to the planned management of an organisations communications. IMC requires that organisations coordinate their various strategies, resources and messages in order that it engages coherently and meaningfully with target audiences. The main purpose is to develop relationships with audiences that are of mutual value (Fill 2005). Whereas Kotler (2003) focuses on how the market is perceived by the public a way of looking at the whole marketing process from the view point from the viewpoint of the customer. There are then extremely opposing viewpoints such as that made by Cornelissen and Lock (2000) that IMC is just a short term management fashion. The concept of integrated marketing communications has become an essential part of the market in terms of communication strategies for companies however due to the definition constantly changing it prevents IMC being developed and understood to a full extent. The changes that have taken place over recent years have highlighted the capability of the current marketing practices. It is viewed that there is a need for change if any future challenges are going to be met. The momentum for this adaptation in the industry has almost certainly been strongest in the larger fast moving consumer orientated organisations. There is no doubt that integrated marketing communication is not easily achieved, and can therefore lead to failure, however when practiced correctly it can have extremely successful results. IMC is a significant and essential theme (Cornelissen and Lock 2001) for a variety of reasons, it is just crucial to consider both the advantages and the barriers. Integrated Marketing Communications involves a great deal of work, although when this effort is put in it brings achievement. It gives the company an edge over their competition which leads to an increase in profit, whilst in the long run it saves money and time due to the planning. IMC has been defined by Kotler (1996) as a technique to produce more consistent and successful communications throughout a whole company. The main benefit of IMC will be to achieve the desired goal of marketing communications by an individual organisation, however well known academics have developed their own lists of specific advantages to using IMC. Linton and Morleys (1995) ten potential benefits of integrated marketing communications are shown below. Creative Integrity Operational efficiency Consistent messages Cost Savings Unbiased marketing recommendations High- Calibre consistent service Better use of Media Easier working relations Greater Marketing Position Greater agency accountability Fig 1.1 (Linton and Morley) Linton and Morley demonstrate ten advantages of the use of IMC here, which gives a guideline to why IMC is to be encouraged and how it will benefit organisations, however some of the points are fairly vague and may be misinterpreted for example unbiased marketing recommendations. Fill (2006) on the other hand only lists eight, but both sets of lists include similar points which demonstrate how confident some academics are in the advantages of IMC. According to Kuczynski (1992), success of integration occurs with consistency in particular in the companys message. Tynan (1994) also believes this and goes on to explain that for IMC to be achieved not only is it through media being combined but he reiterates the importance of the consumer receiving one clear message. A comprehensible message has much more of an impact and will stand out in the mind of a customer over the hundreds of other adverts that surround an individual every day. Un-integrated communications will develop inconsistent messages which will make them less credible. Duncan and Everett (1993) also consider that consistency in the marketing communication elements will prevent any impending conflicts. IMC also incorporates all the various communications in order for the customer to progress through the steps of the buying process and cultivates the relationship with the customers. This relationship ensures a sense of brand loyalty and consumers will therefore feel safer with this particular brand and therefore remain with them. This ability of accomplishing a customer for life is a very strong advantage over competitors. Duncan and Everett (1993) believe that IMC leads to a decrease in media waste and therefore the company gains this competitive edge. This was also reinforced by Linton and Morleys (1995) ten potential benefits. Organisations have identified that it is becoming increasingly harder to maintain consumers loyalty, which is why integrated marketing communications is important in a technique to gain advantage over any competitors. Regardless of huge investments these complicated relationships between a business multiple marketing comms. are not completely understood. Re search shows that the positive effects of combining media for example print advertising and television looks promising and that a change is taking place. Another set of research illustrates that 20 years ago 75% of marketing budgets in America was inserted into mass advertising, whereas today 50% goes towards trade promotions, 25% into consumer promotions and only 25% into advertising, which is a huge decline of 50% (Kitchen, 2003). Money is another issue related to IMC. It saves money in the long run however many organisations do not appreciate the long term values of integrated marketing communications and therefore fail to see it as an investment. This appears to be slowly changing though due to the fact the importance of brand value is becoming more common knowledge. Tortorici suggests that one of the easiest ways to maximise its return on an investment is through the use of IMC. (Tortorici 1991) He would have suggested this for a number of reasons such as agency fees being reduced, as it becomes possible for one agency to handle all the communications, and also because it eliminates replication in various areas in the company such as logos, graphics and photography that the company intends to use. In the industrial product market, IMC frequently takes the form of personal selling with advertising. This combination was seen as beneficial due to the decrease in selling costs (Morrill 1970) and a report comple ted by the McGraw-Hill Corporation in 1987 came to the same conclusion plus the evidence that it also reduced the amount of sales calls to the industrial decision makers. One example of this is IBM, there customer contact costs decreased enormously. (Moretti 1994). Belch and Belch (2001) believe that the benefits of adopting IMC do not just stop at limiting the operating costs but an optimistic attitude and concern for the company are just as significant. Overall all of this would in actual fact reduce the workload and save money long term, however most budgets set in a company are set with only short term in consideration. Despite its many benefits, Integrated Marketing Communications has barriers to overcome just like the money issue just discussed. There are a number of other barriers that authors have identified. For example Ewing et al quoted It has been suggested that departments can develop territorialism because they do not want to change their functional standing. (Ewing et al.,1997.) Schultz also goes on to say that they may be reluctant for this change because of a lack of understanding of IMC (Schultz 1996). This could start to explain why companies do not use IMC when perhaps it would in fact be appropriate for them to. Whats more, problems with implementation and measurement have been exemplified by several authors (Eagle et al., 1998). Implementation of IMC is difficult to achieve but it also hard to distinguish where to start planning wise. It has been discussed whether promotional activities should begin by examining external factors of the customers first. Although this is clearly a barrier, it does not necessarily mean that it should discourage everyone, as practice makes perfect to reach a great outcome. Another issue that has arisen is the structure of companies which makes it difficult for integration. Organisations are generally subdivided in areas, and although joint assignments may help to break down these organisational barriers the hierarchical structures will still be an issue (Gonring 2000). Pickton and Hartley (1998) also agree with the idea that the implementation has proven exceedingly complicated due to these organisational barriers. Integrated communications has not caught on to many companies(Pettigrew 2001), for a number of reasons firstly the barriers of IMC contribute to this, however after the previous discussion there are ways to overcome the barriers and there are in fact more advantages to it so the question is why is it not being adopted. The debate of what marketing communications can accomplish has been a big question for many years (Ambler 2000). I will look at what various practitioners believe and also the main reasons why IMC has not taken off as much as it perhaps should have (Pettigrew 2001). Marketers dont generally seem to like change in regards to new investments and approach to their marketing communications due to a fear of change (Gonring 2000), which is therefore an issue in relation to adopting IMC. Although they may realise that as technology is growing the importance for companies to be organised and consistent is also increasing (Cornelissen 2003). A lack of understanding of Integrated Marketing Communications is also another factor to why IMC is highly recognised but is not necessarily chosen to be used. This shortage of knowledge must be addressed before managers are expected to use integrated marketing. This all stems from the fact that there are many different views on whether IMC is here to stay or whether it is just a fad. Cornelissen and Lock state that IMC is nothing new but only a management fad (Cornelissen and Lock 2000), this is severely disagreed with by most other practitioners who see IMC as the future for example IMC is a new brand concept for the emerging digitalised environment (Shultz and kitchen 2000). There are also so many different definitions which can make it confusing from the beginning, nevertheless with all of these reasons considered the main weakness of IMC still lies in the apparent inability of agencies to measure behavioural outcomes. This major issue of not being able to measure the effects of an integrated campaign is majorly delaying the implementation process and there is a lack of empirical studies into how it could be measured. Indicating how IMC could move into full implementation is a huge concern, measurement and evaluation corresponds to an extra cost to organisations. These organisations will have built up thorough behavioural databases of their consumers; however it would be unfair to access these unless an extremely strong relationship had been developed. Overall, it would seem that integrated marketing communications have developed greatly, but there are still many issues to overcome in order to for IMC to be completed successfully achieved in companies. It is important for this to occur as it has been defined by Chang et al.(1991) that consumers attend more to integrated marketing communication than a normal advertising campaign. One model used is the four pillars of IMC by Kliatchko; these four pillars are the elements on which IMC levels are based, they are content, channels, stakeholders and results. For full implementation of IMC, firms must use all four levels (Schultz and Schultz 1998). Although each pillar is separate there is a present of each of the four levels, just each have their own most prominent section. The end goal of Content is primarily to deliver a consistent message for utmost communication impact (Duncan Caywood 1996).The objective is therefore for the target audience (stakeholders) to receive a clear integrated message. If this desired goal is achieved then integration at the first level has been achieved. A good example of this is Haagen Dazs ice cream. They use experimental appeals to their audience which communicates a sense of fun and pleasure, which is consistent through all of other campaigns. Pillar two is all related to the channels of communication, not just in its general sense but also in the view of the customer, in order to obtain what customers prefer. This allows appropriate content to connect effectively with the audience. The ability to connect with a target audience in a way in which they prefer and deliver the message according to their terms would be successful IMC at this level. BT attempted to do this in their 1998 World Cup Football tournament. They took advantage of the football in order to make their advert more relevant and appealing to the public, this would have made it more interesting for the public who were interested in football but not for the rest of their target audience. The third pillar is applying information technology for the benefit of both the company and consumers. If the company uses IT to gain a better understanding of their customers and then they can manage databases of information. This better knowledge will allow them to obtain better relationships with consumers by combining the other pillars, more targeted messages by their preferred channels. This provides a more profitable future for the company (Schultz and Schultz 1998). Gillette Mach 3 achieved this as they produced an advert that utilised a functional appeal and communicate the brands specific attributes capable of solving consumers consumption-related problems. They therefore took into consideration what they target audience wanted to be delivered to them and how whilst making them a profit, this was successful IMC at this level. The final pillar is strategic integration and results. If a company gets to this stage of integration then they have a good understanding of the demands of integration and what is necessary. Schultz and Schultz (1998) categorise this pillar as the one that allows a company to analyse more precisely the relation between returns and investments made in the marketing communications campaign. This is why this is the fourth pillar, as it is prominently the measurement of results which as discussed earlier is extremely hard to achieve, hence why my organisations only implement IMC at the lower levels of models such as this. Another IMC model is demonstrated below and was designed by Pickton and Broderick (2000). This is a much simpler model; however it does look at how integration starts off tactical and ends up strategic. Bupas recent marketing strategy was to reposition the company and integrate its offering. The core brand proposal Bupa the personal health service was announced through a number of Medias such as TV, press, radio sponsorship and PR. The website was a huge success and played a key role in its integrated communications by offering online quotes and support. This promotion created awareness of the brand and increased their sales. The Group Marketing Director quoted we have succeeded in positioning Bupa as the only dedicated independent health care specialist in the UK. ( Marketing Business 2002) Schultz also developed seven levels of integration model. The seven levels of integration are Awareness of need for IMC the starting point of the model, realisation. Image- consistency between media. Functional Forming marketing communication programmes in order to achieve certain aims. Co-ordinated Personal selling is integrated with other elements in order to continue consistency. Personal selling is directly integrated with other elements of marketing communications to ensure consistency between impersonal and interpersonal forms of communication. Consumer-based Understanding the consumers needs and wants, this is like the second pillar of Kliatchkos model. Stakeholder- recognition of stakeholders after the final customers. Relationship management. A good example of complete IMC that could have applied the seven levels of integration is Coco Cola. It is one of the worlds most famous brand names and was given the title of leading brand recognition in 2003 by the Business week. Coca Cola represents major emotional advantages over all its competitors, whilst given the customers what they want. They are a loyal brand who creates consistent messages across their adverts and their message is always clear. They also produce spectacular adverts and have a strong brand image and logo, therefore they are incorporating lot of the seven levels of integration and it is obvious that they are doing successfully. It is clear that IMC plays a vital role in the industry and everyday more is being learnt and understood. A clearer picture of Integrated Marketing is emerging and therefore future companies will begin to adopt it and take it to further levels of the theoretical models rather than just using it at the lower levels. It was established that due to a lack of understanding, and the rest of the barriers, this is the reason why companies only implement at the lower levels. The difficulty of IMC makes organisations reluctant however in the future if it is the path they must take to develop their company then IMC will evolve. Ambler, T. (2000), Persuasion, pride and prejudice: how ads work, International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 19 No. 3, pp. 299-315. Belch, G.E. and Belch, M.A. (2001), Advertising and Promotion, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York, NY, pp. 10, 78-79. Chang, D.-R., Hahn, M. and Ik-Tae K., (1991) Consumer Response to Coupons with Advertising in a Pretesting Context, Working Paper, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. Cornelissen, J.P. and Lock, A.R. (2000), Theoretical concept or management fashion? Examining the significance of IMC, Journal of Advertising Research, Vol. 40 No. 5, pp. 7-15. Cornelissen, J.P. and Lock, A.R. (2001), The appeal of integration: managing communications in modern organisations, Marketing Intelligence Planning, Vol. 19 No. 6, pp. 425-31. Cornelissen, J.P. (2003), Change, continuity and progress: the concept of integrated marketing communications and marketing communications practice, Journal of Strategic Marketing, Vol. 11 No. 4, pp. 217-34. Duncan, T. and Everett, S.E. (1993), Client perceptions of integrated marketing communications, Journal of Advertising Research, Vol. 33 No. 3, p. 30. Duncan, T. and Caywood, C. (1996), The Concept, Process, and Evolution of Integrated Marketing Communication, Laurence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. Duncan, T.R. Caywood, C.L. (1996) The concept, process, and evolution of integrated marketing communications, in Thorson, E. Moore, J. (eds) Integrated Communication: Synergy of Persuasive Voices. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 13-34. Eagle, L., Hyde, K., Fourie, W., Padisetti, M. and Kitchen, P. (1998) Revisiting the Concept of Integrated Marketing Communications: Contrasting Perceptions Between Marketers and Advertising Agency Executives, paper prepared for 3rd International Conference on Marketing and Corporate Communication, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. Ewing, M. T., de Bussey, N. and Ramaseshan, B. (1997) The Power and Politics of Integrated Marketing Communications, Curtin Business School Working Paper, November, 1-18. Ewing, M.T., Du Pleiss, E. Foster, C. (2001) Cinema advertising re-considered. Journal of Advertising Research, 41(1), pp. 78-85. Fill, C. (2002) Marketing Communications: Contexts, Strategies and Applications (3rd edn). London: Prentice Hall. Fill, C. (2002), Marketing Communications, Contexts, Strategies and Applications, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall Europe, Hemel Hempstead, p. 32. Fill (2006) Lecture Slides, MKT2011. Gonring, M.P. (2000), Global megatrends push IMC concepts to forefront of strategic business thinking, Journal of Integrated Communications, Vol. 2000-2001, pp. 15-18. Holm, O. (2006), Integrated marketing communication: from tactics to strategy, Corporate Communications: An International Journal, Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 23-33. Jerry Kliatchko. (2008). Revisiting the IMC construct: a revised definition and four pillars. International Journal of Advertising. 27 (1), 1-13 Jones, G.S., Li, T., Kitchen, P.J. Brignell, J. (2004) The emergence of IMC: a theoretical perspective. Journal of Advertising Research, 44 (1), pp. 19-30. Kitchen, P.J. Schultz, D.E. (1999) A multi-country comparison of the drive for IMC. Journal of Advertising Research, 39(1), pp. 21-38 Kitchen, P.J. Schultz, D.E. (2001) Raising the Corporate Umbrella: Corporate Communication in the 21st Century. New York: Palgrave Publishers Ltd. Kliatchko, J.G. (2005) Towards a new definition of integrated marketing communications (IMC). International Journal of Advertising, 24(1), pp. 7-34. Kotler, P. (1996) Principles of Marketing, 7th edn, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Kotler, P. (2000), Marketing Management, 10th ed., Prentice-Hall International, London, p. 7, 19. Kuczynski, A. (1992) Beyond Advertising, Towards Integration, Marketing, 13, 50-53. Linton, I. And Morley, K. (1995), Integrated marketing Communications. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Marketing Business (2002), Strong Vital Signs, September 14. Moretti, P. (1994) Telemarketers Serve Clients, Business Marketing, April, 27-29. Morrill, J. E. (1970) Industrial Advertising Pays Off,Harvard Business Review, March/April, 4. Pettigrew, L.S. (2001a), If IMC is so good: why isnt it being implemented?, Journal of Integrated Communications, No. 35. Pettigrew, L.S. (2001b), If IMC is so good: why isnt it being implemented?, Journal of Integrated Communications, No. 36. Pickton, D. Hartley, B. (1998) Measuring integration: an assessment of the quality of integrated marketing communication. International Journal of Advertising, 17(4), pp. 447-465. Schultz, D.E. Schultz, H.F. (1998) Transitioning marketing communication into the twenty-first century. Journal of Marketing Communications, 4(1), pp. 9-26. Schultz, D.E. Schultz, H.F. (2005) Measuring brand value, in Tybout, A. Calkins, T. (eds) Kellog on Branding. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Tortorici, A. J. (1991) Maximising Marketing Communications through Horizontal and Vertical Orchestration, Public Relations Quarterly, 36, 20-22. Tynan, K. (1994) Multi-channel Marketing: MaximisingMarket Share with an Integrated Marketing Strategy,Probus, Danvers, MA.

When Armpit Hair Grows :: essays research papers

What happened to wanting to grow up? Where did all my sports and hobbies go? Why is it I have to take showers daily now? I woke up this morning and I was eighteen. I absolutely hate being eighteen. I am expected to be an adult now and forget about having fun. If this is the path of what growing up is going to be like, then I QUIT! Bring me back to twelve I want to be young again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The irony, when I was twelve I could not wait to be eighteen. The thought of being able to do what ever you want seemed so appealing to me. Little did I realize that being eighteen has plenty of downfalls. I remember thinking eighteen year olds were so cool. They were able to buy the coolest things, cigarettes, scratch tickets, and porn. Now eighteen I don’t buy any of these items because; A) I don’t smoke; B) I never win on scratch tickets, and C) I now know I can get porn free on my computer. My idea of eighteen seemed much more glorious than what it is. Being eighteen went far past the ability to buy the coolest things. Someone must have forgot to tell me that I now need to work to live, that I need college to work, and that I need to grow up to go to college. Someone forgot to tell me it sucks being eighteen. I use to be an active kid. I was outside everyday, rain or shine. Nothing would stop me from doing what I loved to do. Everyday after school I would go out dirt biking, skateboarding, or bicycling. Some times you might have found me thirty feet up in a tree building a fort. I was always far from being board. My imagination was incredible. I would be able to play Ninjas with my buddies, holding paper towel rolls as swords. Now my imagination is consumed with ways to make money so I can pay bills on time. Now everyday after school you’ll find me working at a local package store in Leicester. Sometimes you might find me sleeping in bed, making up for the lack of sleep I don’t get throughout the week. The only time you’ll see me out side now is when I’m on my way to the car or walking to the mailbox.

Shakespeares Macbeth - A Tragic Hero :: Macbeth essays

Macbeth: A Tragic Hero         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Macbeth character in Macbeth by William Shakespeare can be played many ways.   Macbeth's relationship with other characters in the play and Aristotle's theory of a tragedy are ways in which Macbeth is shown as a tragic hero.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the very beginning of the play, Macbeth and Banquo are returning to Scotland from a fierce battle between the Norwegians and the Scottish. They have just won the war for Duncan.   This shows a noble virtue of Macbeth, a requirement of a tragic hero according to Aristotle.   It shows that Macbeth is a loyal person to the King and that he is a great warrior. As they are returning to Scotland, three witches appear and make prophecies about Macbeth and Banquo.   The three witches say â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! hail to thee, thane of Glamis!   All hail, Macbeth! hail to thee, thane of Cawdor!   All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter!† (A 1, S 3, 48). Here, Macbeth is interested in what the witches have to say, but he does not really believe them.   A few minutes later, Ross enters.   He tells Macbeth that the thane of Cawdor is in line for death and that Duncan has named Macbeth the new thane of Cawdor.   Now, Macbeth is absolutely shocked. The witches prophecy has come true!   He can not believe it!   But now Macbeth has a lot more on his mind; the third prophecy about becoming the King.   Macbeth knows that if something were to happen to Duncan, Malcolm and Donalbain, Duncan's sons, would be the rightful heirs to the throne. How can Macbeth be King when he is nowhere near the next in line to the throne?   Another requirement for a tragic hero is that he must have a tragic flaw.   Macbeth's tragic flaw is that of ambition; Macbeth's ambition will cause him to decline.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At this point, Lady Macbeth knows all about the witches prophecies. She really wants to be Queen of Scotland so she encourages Macbeth to do what he has to do to get rid of Duncan.   Lady Macbeth is putting an enormous amount of influence on Macbeth.   He thinks that Duncan is a great King and he considers Duncan to be a good friend.   Finally Macbeth gives in to Lady Macbeth and decides that he will kill Duncan while he is visiting Macbeth's castle that same night.   That night, Macbeth kills Duncan. However, afterwards, Macbeth is feeling very sorry for himself.   He can not believe what he has just done.   His ambition has caused him to kill a good friend and even worse, the King!   Here, Macbeth is going crazy.

Equality and Inequality Under Perfect Competition

Equality and Inequality Under Perfect Competition The mythical world of perfect wage equality Under certain very strict assumptions, a perfectly competitive market will lead to perfect equality of wage rates. All workers will earn exactly the same. These strict assumptions are as follows: All workers have identical abilities. There is perfect mobility of labor. All Jobs are equally attractive to all workers. All workers and employers have perfect knowledge. Wages are determined entirely by demand and supply.Given these assumptions, if consumer demand rose in any industry, the demand for labor would rise. As a result, wage rates would begin to rise. Immediately workers would flood into this industry, attracted by the higher wages. Very quickly, then, wage rates would be competed back down to the level in the rest of the economy. Likewise if wage rates began to fall in any industry, workers would leave, thereby eliminating any labor surplus and preventing the fall in wage rates.Under t hese conditions, therefore, not only would the labor supply curve to a firm be infinitely elastic, but so too would the labor supply curve to each industry at the universal wage rate. Of course, in the real world these conditions do not hold. Huge inequalities of wages exist. A financial dealer in the City can earn fifty times as much as a shop assistant. But even if markets were perfect, inequality would be expected to persist. Causes of inequality under perfect competitionIn the short run, inequality will exist under perfect competition because of the time it takes for changes in demand and supply conditions to bring new long-run equilibrium. Thus expanding industries will tend to pay higher wage rates than contracting industries. But even after enough time has elapsed for all adjustments to be made to changes in demand and supply, long-run wage differentials will still exist for the following reasons: Workers do not have identical abilities.

A Walk To Remember Compare Amp Contrast

Both involve a Story Of a boy and a girl, almost completely different in their views, which slowly fall in love n Barefoot, North Carolina. Throughout the movie the struggles of the characters are awfully similar to the struggles of the characters in the book, with a few changes here and there. Although the book and movie are similar, there are still differences between the two such as how the two got to know each other, how the characters are portrayed, as well as how certain events occurred and how the characters reacted to them.The first major difference between the novel and the movie of A Walk to Remember is how different the characters are portrayed in each. For example, throughout the novel the leading girl, Jamie Sullivan, was the shy daughter of the towns Pastor. She was one of the kindest girls anyone had met, she would help anyone whether she was asked or not. She had a big part in the town's orphanage, and she had worshiped God more than anyone had seen. Jamie was an inte lligent conservative girl who wore her blonde hair put in a tight bun all the time.She wasn't known to have many friends, or even do ‘normal' teenager things, and she usually spent her time at school, at the orphanage, or with her father. In comparison, in the movie, Jamie was quite similar to these qualities; she was smart, very religious, shy, kind, and conservative showed by how she had dressed. However, even though Jamie was kind and seemed to be gentle, in the movie it didn't portray how religious she actually was as well as I thought they could've. In addition, don't believe that it showed how much she actually cared for others and wished to help them.For example, Jamie would help younger kids and tutor and do things like that, but in the novel she also worked at an orphanage and would even elf little animals in the middle of the road, but in the movie you didn't truly see that side of Jamie as much. Now on the other hand, the main character, Logan Carter, is quite diffe rent in the movie than how he was described in the novel. F-or example, the very first scene of the movie is Logan playing a mean trick with his friends on a boy.In this scene you can already tell that Logan is supposed to be a â€Å"bad boy' and that h?s supposed to be trouble. In the novel Logan was somewhat of a trouble maker when he was younger, which is possibly what gave the writers the idea to make him a bad boy in the movie. But in reality, Logan is just your average confused teenage boy. He likes to hang out with his friends, go on dates, and didn't enjoy school all that much. Still, in the movie it portrays him as being careless and self centered until Jamie made him realize that he was making some bad choices.Another difference between the novel and the book of A Walk to Remember is how Jamie and Logan actually got to know each other. For example, in the novel they first become a little closer after Logan asks Jamie to the homecoming dance, only because he needed a date and she was the only one aft. But in the movie, they both get cast to do the annual town play, which does happen in the book but it wasn't their first encounter. As the story goes on Logan, as a punishment for his prank in the beginning of the movie, he must participate in the play which he ends up getting the lead role in.He starts to care a little more about the play as the movie progresses and he practices his lines more and more, and eventually asks Jamie to help him with his lines and she agrees to help but on one condition â€Å"he has to promise not to fall in love with her†. Now that line may be cute and seem not that important, but its an incredibly significant quote to the story in my opinion. This quote was used in the novel as well when London had asked Jamie to go to the homecoming dance with her, which I believe shows a little importance that the movie writers had kept such a specific quote.In addition to that, a considerable difference from the book to the movi e would, in my opinion, be the fact that in the novel they fell in love slowly and hung out at one another's house, while in the movie they fell in love faster and did more ‘romantic' or public outings. Also Logan seemed to do more things to â€Å"win† her over in the book such as him visiting the orphanage with her and getting a great deal of money without her knowledge so she could get the orphans Christmas presents, while in the movie they both seemed to just fall in love with each other.Lastly, certain events and reactions differed from the book to the movie. For instance, in the book Lagan's friends would make fun of and tease him for his attraction to Jamie and for spending time and being friends with her. But they never would have dared make fun of Jamie to her face, mainly because they let like she was on Gods â€Å"good side† or had it â€Å"in† with God. Even if they had made fun of her to her face you could tell, just from what you have read tha t she wouldn't have done anything about it and she wouldn't have had a comeback for them.But on the contrary, in the movie Logan and his friends would make fun of her to her face and ridicule her. Even though she was supposed to be Godly and kind, she still remained above it all and even had some types of comebacks. For example, in one scene one Of Lagans friends had said â€Å"If there is a higher power, why is it He can't get you a new sweater? And Jamie replies, â€Å"Because He's too busy looking for your brain†.The last difference between the book and the movie is that in the book when Logan found out about Jamie illness he felt uncomfortable and didn't know what to do. But on the other hand in the movie he seemed to be devoted to her and would do anything for her and he knew exactly what to do, even if he was in denial for a little bit after he heard the news. To conclude, there are differences between the book and the movie, some may be minor some more noticeable, but overall the book and the movie are Mathew similar to each other.