Chapter 32 Ap World History Outline Essay Example for Free

Chapter 32 Ap World History Outline Essay A. Postcolonial Crises and Asian Economic Expansion, 1975–1990 I. Revolutions, Depressions, and Democratic Reform in Latin America 1. The success of the Cuban Revolution both energized the revolutionary left throughout Latin America and led the United States to organize its political and military allies in Latin America in a struggle to defeat communism. 2. In Brazil a coup in 1964 brought in a military government whose combination of dictatorship, use of death squads to eliminate opposition, and use of tax and tariff policies to encourage industrialization through import substitution came to be known as the â€Å"Brazilian Solution. † Elements of the â€Å"Brazilian Solution† were applied in Chile byte government of Augusto Pinochet, whose CIA-assisted coup overthrew the socialist Allende government in 1973 and in Argentina by a military regime that seized power in1974. 3. Despite reverses in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina, revolutionary movements persisted elsewhere. In Nicaragua the Cuban-backed Sandinista movement overthrew the government of Anastasia Somoza and ruled until it was defeated in free elections in1990. In El Salvador the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) fought guerrilla war against the military regime until declining popular support in the 1990s led the rebels to negotiate an end to the armed conflict and transform themselves into a political party. 4. The military dictatorships established in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina all came to an end between 1983 and 1990. All three regimes were undermined by reports of kidnapping, torture, and corruption; the Argentine regime al so suffered from its invasion of the Falkland Islands and consequent military defeat by Britain. 5. By the end of the 1980s oil-importing nations like Brazil were in economic trouble because they had borrowed heavily to pay the high oil prices engineered by OPEC. The oil-exporting nations such as Mexico faced crises because they had borrowed heavily when oil prices were high and rising in the 1970s, but found themselves unable to keep up with their debt payments when the price of oil fell in the 1980s. 6. In 1991 Latin America was more dominated by the United States than it had been in1975. This may be seen in the United States’ use of military force to intervene in Grenada in 1983 and in Panama in 1989. II. Islamic Revolutions in Iran and Afghanistan See more: what is essay format 1. Crises in Iran and Afghanistan threatened to involve the superpowers; the United States reacted to these crises with restraint, but the Soviet Union took a bolder and ultimately disastrous course. 2. In Iran, American backing and the corruption and inefficiency of Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi’s regime stimulated popular resentment. In 1979 street demonstrations and strikes toppled the Shah and brought a Shi’ite cleric, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, to power. The overthrow of an ally and the establishment of an anti-western Islamic republic in Iran were blows to American prestige, but the United States was unable to do anything about it. 3. In the fall of 1980 Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein invaded Iran to topple the Islamic Republic. The United States supported Iran at first, but then in 1986 tilted toward Iraq. 4. The Soviet Union faced a more serious problem when it sent its army into Afghanistan in 1978 in order to support a newly established communist regime against a hodgepodge of local, religiously inspired guerilla bands that controlled much of the countryside. The Soviet Union’s struggle against the American-backed guerillas was so costly and caused so much domestic discontent that the Soviet leaders withdrew their troops in 1989 and left the rebel groups to fight with each other for control of Afghanistan. III. Asian Transformation 1. The Japanese economy grew at a faster rate than that of any other major developed country in the 1970s and 1980s, and Japanese average income outstripped that of the United States in the 1990s. This economic growth was associated with an industrial economy in which keiretsu (alliances of firms) received government assistance in the form of tariffs and import regulations that inhibited foreign competition. 2. The Japanese model of close cooperation between government and industry was imitated by a small number of Asian states, most notably by South Korea, in which four giant corporations led the way in developing heavy industries and consumer industries. Hong Kong and Singapore also developed modern industrial and commercial economies. All of these newly industrialized economies shared certain characteristics: discipline and hard-working labor forces, investment in education, high rates of personal savings, export strategies, government sponsorship and protection, and the ability t o begin their industrialization with the latest technology. 3. In China after 1978 the regime of Deng Xiaoping carried out successful economic reforms that allowed private enterprise and foreign investment to exist alongside the inefficient state-owned enterprises and which allowed individuals and families to contract agricultural land and farm it as they liked. At the same time, the command economy remained in place and China resisted political reform, notably when the Communist Party crushed the protests in Tiananmen Square in 1989. B. The End of the Bipolar World, 1989–1991 I. Crisis in the Soviet Union 1. During the presidency of Ronald Reagan the Soviet Union’s economy was strained by the attempt to match massive U.S. spending on armaments, such as a space-based missile protection system. The Soviet Union’s obsolete industrial plants, its inefficient planned economy, its declining standard of living, and its unpopular war with Afghanistan fuel dean underground current of protest. 2. When Mikhail Gorbachev took over the leadership in 1985 he tried to address the problems of the Soviet Union by introducing a policy of political openness (glasnost) and economic reform (perestroika). II. The Collapse of the Socialist Bloc 1. Events in Eastern Europe were very important in forcing change on the Soviet Union. The activities of the Solidarity labor union in Poland, the emerging alliances between nationalist and religious opponents of the communist regimes, and the economic weakness of the communist states themselves led to the fall of communist governments across Eastern Europe in 1989 and to the reunification of Germany in 1990. 20. The weakness of the central government and the rise of nationalism led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in September 1991. Ethnic and religious divisions also led to the dismemberment of Yugoslavia in 1991 and the division of the Czech Republic in 1992. III. The Persian Gulf War, 1990–1991 1. Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990 in an attempt to gain control of Kuwait’s oil fields. Saudi Arabia felt threatened by Iraq’s action and helped to draw the United States into award in which American forces led a coalition that drove Iraq out of Kuwait but left Saddam Hussein in power. 2. The Persian Gulf War restored the United States’ confidence in its military capability while demonstrating that Russia—Iraq’s former ally—was impotent. Cather Challenge of Population Growth I. Demographic Transition 1. The population of Europe almost doubled between 1850 and 1914, and while some Europeans saw this as a blessing, Thomas Malthus argued that unchecked population growth would outstrip food production. In the years immediately following World War I Malthus’s views were dismissed as Europe and other industrial societies experienced demographic transition to lower fertility rates. 2. The demographic transition did not occur in the Third World, where some leaders actively promoted large families until the economic shocks of the 1970s and 1980sconvinced the governments of developing countries to abandon the pronatalist policy. 3. World population exploded in the twentieth century, with most of the growth taking place in the poorest nations due to high fertility rates and declining mortality rates. Tithe Industrialized Nations 1. In the developed industrial nations of Western Europe and Japan at the beginning of the twenty-first century, higher levels of female education and employment, the material values of consumer culture, and access to contraception and abortion have combined to produce low fertility levels. Low fertility levels combined with improved life expectancy will lead to an increasing number of retirees who will rely on a relatively smaller number of working adults to pay for their social services. 2. In Russia and the other former socialist nations, current birthrates are lower than death rates and life expectancy has declined. III.The Developing Nations 1. In the twenty-first century the industrialized nations will continue to fall behind the developing nations as a percentage of world population; at current rates, 95 percent of all future population growth will be in developing regions, particularly in Africa and in the Muslim countries. 2. In Asia, the populations of China and India continued to grow despite government efforts to reduce family size. It is not clear whether or not the nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America will experience the demographic transition seen in the industrialized countries, but fertility rates have fallen in the developing world where women have had access to education and employment outside the home. IV. Old and Young Populations 1. Demographic pyramids generated by demographers illustrate the different age distributions in nations in different stages of economic development. 2. The developed nations face aging populations and will have to rely on immigration or increased use of technology (including robots) in order to maintain industrial and agricultural production at levels sufficient to support their relatively high standards of living and their generous social welfare programs. 3. The developing nations have relatively young and rapidly growing populations but face the problem of providing their people with education and jobs while struggling with shortages of investment capital and poor transportation and communications networks. D. Unequal Development and the Movement of Peoples I. The Problem of Growing Inequality 1. Since 1945 global economic productivity has created unprecedented levels of material abundance. At the same time, the industrialized nations of the Northern Home to enjoy a larger share of the world’s wealth than they did a century ago; the majority of the world lives in poverty. 2. Regional inequalities within nations have also grown in both the industrial countries and in the developing nations. II. Internal Migration: the Growth of Cities 1. Migration from rural areas to urban centers in the developing world increased threefold from 1925 to 1950 and accelerated rapidly after 1950. 2. Migrants to the cities generally enjoyed higher incomes and better standards of living than they would have had in the countryside, but as the scale of rural to urban migration grew, these benefits became more elusive. Migration placed impossible burdens on basic services and led to burgeoning slums, shantytowns, and crime in the cities of the developing world. III. Global Migration 1. Migration from the developing world to the developed nations increased substantially after 1960, leading to an increase in racial and ethnic tensions in the host nations. Immigrants from the developing nations brought the host nations the same benefits that the migration of Europeans brought to the Americas a century before. 2. Immigrant communities in Europe and the United States are made up of young adults and tend to have fertility rates higher than the rates of the host populations. In the long run this will lead to increases in the Muslim population in Europe and in the Asian and Latin American populations in the United States, and to cultural conflicts over the definitions of citizenship and nationality. E. Technological and Environmental Change I. New Technologies and the World Economy 1. New technologies developed during World War II increased productivity, reduced labor requirements, and improved the flow of information when they were applied to industry in the postwar period. The application and development of technology was spurred by pent-up demand for consumer goods. 2. Improvements in existing technologies accounted for much of the world’s productivity increases during the 1950s and 1960s. The improvement and widespread application of the computer was particularly significant as it transformed office work and manufacturing. 3. Transnational corporations became the primary agents of these technological changes. In the post-World War II years transnational corporations with multinational ownership and management became increasingly powerful and were able to escape the controls imposed by national governments by shifting or threatening to shift production from one country to another. II. Conserving and Sharing Resources 1. In the 1960s, environmental activists and political leaders began warning about the environmental consequences of population growth, industrialization, and the expansion of agriculture onto marginal lands. Environmental degradation was a problem in both the developed and developing countries; it was especially severe in the former Soviet Union. In attempting to address environmental issues, the industrialized countries faced a contradiction between environmental protection and the desire to maintain rates of economic growth that depended on the profligate consumption of goods and resources. 2. In the developing world population growth led to extreme environmental pressure as forests were felled and marginal land developed in order to expand food production. This led to erosion and water pollution. III. Responding to Environmental Threats 1. The governments of the United States, the European Community, and Japan took a number of initiatives to preserve and protect the environment in the 1970s. Environmental awareness spread by means of the media and grassroots political movements, and most nations in the developed world enforced strict antipollution laws and sponsored massive recycling efforts. 2. These efforts, many of them made possible by new technology, produced significant results. But in the developing world, population pressures and weak governments were major obstacles to effective environmental policies.

America The Most Powerful Nation Media Essay

America The Most Powerful Nation Media Essay America is arguably, the most powerful nation on Earth, having one of the largest military forces and in addition to this, American culture saturates the market, almost drowning out cultural exports from other countries, both developed and developing, this cultural overshadowing of the rest of the globe allows America to, in effect be the power house of the entire World. There is not a major urban metropolis on the planet without a McDonalds or a Starbucks. This Globalisation has also helped to cement Americas position as the most powerful nation on Earth. Many authors have attempted to identify precisely why and how America achieved this fantastical global domination, including Ziauddin Sardar who lists The Ten Laws of American Mythology in his text, American Dream/Global Nightmare. Rather than examine every one of Sardars laws of American Mythology, I have instead decided to merely look at five examples and see if they support Sardar claims that every citizen in the world is a citizen of America. Sardars first law of American Mythology is that; Fear is Essential (Sardar, 2004, pp.21) and living in this modern age of terror, it is hard not to see that law applied across the Globe. Terrorists, so we are told, can strike anywhere, at anytime and can be absolutely anyone. This atmosphere of fear and distrust, very similar to that which was created under McCarthy in America in the Nineteen Fifties, or even ironically under Stalin in Communist Russia. Sardar states that; To live in America is to be beset by fear, anxiety and insecurity, to be surrounded by potential harm, enemies and evil intent. (Sardar, 2004, pp.21) This fear of terrorism and general atmosphere of fear is supported by the news media, who spend the entirety of their time either reporting on stupid n onsense, of absolutely zero interest or significance on anyones life, which is also an American influence, worship of the cult of celebrity, or alternatively forming a state of fear, creating folk devils and moral panics, much as they did with hoodies in the early years of the Twenty-First Century, or punks before that in the Nineteen Seventies. Sardars second law of Americana also supports the theory that everyone is a citizen of America; Escape is the reason for being (Sardar, 2004, pp.21) Sardar states that America was created for people; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in search of room to breathe, in search of a place to recreate themselves and shape a new lifestyle free from constraints. (Sardar, 2004, pp.21) This especially applies in the modern world where escapism seems to be virtually everyones ultimate goal, people can even have entire virtual lives on the internet, generally playing American made games. Even if someone decides to experience some escapism at a lower level, maybe some light reading or watching a film, chances are they are American made as well, and will almost undoubtedly portray an American bias, either in the spellings, or the pronunciations or possibly even just the cultural standards that everyone needs to reference in order to fully appreciate and enjoy a work of art. War is a necessity (Sardar, 2004, pp.25) America is probably the most pro war nation on the planet, having, in the last twenty years, sent troops into: Iraq , Somalia, Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, The Philippines, Iraq again and most recently Libya. As Sardar states; Even before 9/11, [America] had waged war on over half the nations of the globe. [Americas] economy is a war economy. Its science and technology is deeply entrenched in the military machine. (Sardar, 2004, pp.25) Arguably most of the wars in Americas recent history, havent even been waged for ideological reasons, or for any necessary reason, but instead for money, and to further advance or merely enable the atmosphere of terror that Sardar identified in his first law. Sardars seventh and eighth laws, namely that; Cinema is the engine of empire and that; Celebrity is the common currency of empire (Sardar, 2004, pp.24) both support his theory; The [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] notion that America is the idea of nation, was formalised and made manifest in cinema. And this standardised, industrialised, manufactured product became Americas greatest export, the idea of Self it represented to the world, and through which it demonised, appropriated and brought other cultures within its own purview. (Sardar, 2004, pp.24) The dominance of America in the world of Cinema is staggering, as well as owning one of the worlds greatest movie-making and movie exporting locations, Hollywood. In the very early days of cinema almost all films were American made, and this legacy has not gone away, the film world is incredibly America-centric, and so of course the country itself profits greatly from this exportation of film. In addition to being the location of the movie capital of the world, American films are translated and shipped all over the world. As well as this, many big American films are simply remade by large foreign studios, such as Bollywood. However, this trend has begun to reverse in recent years, with the apparent lack of original thinking in Hollywood leading to an exceptional number of remakes of foreign films. It is impossible to speak about American films, without mentioning celebrities, the passengers for whom these vehicles are crafted. American celebrities, and celebrities in general all over the world, perform little basic function in the real world but are universally praised regardless of their talent or charisma, and there is no shortage of opportunities to applaud them, such as the Oscars, as Sardar states; They are collective ritual where obeisance is made to the engine of empire. The ritual performance of the Oscar ceremony is a demonstration of global power and domination that will provide headlines, column inches and immense economic rewards around the globe for the year to come. (Sardar, 2004, pp.24-25) There is little doubt that America has a massive effect on the rest of the world and on citizens of all nationalities, but especially upon Great Britain. America has dragged Britain into many ill-ventured Wars in the last two decades, including; Iraq, Afghanistan, and most recently Libya. How many of these military ventures would Great Britain have been involved in if not for America and the special relationship that exists between the two countries. There are many possible reasons for this to have occurred, not least of which, in my opinion, is due to fear on the part of British politicians and leaders, fear of America and the power that America can wield, after all fear is essential according to Sardar. However the War on Terror was not something that purely affected America, while the destruction of the World Trade Centre was undoubtedly a tragedy and spurred America into taking action against virtually the entire of the Middle East and a large portion on the rest of the world, there were also other terrorist attacks on major European capital cities, there was the bombing of the London Underground and the number 30 Bus on the Seventh of July 2005, and the bombing of the Cercanias in Madrid on the Eleventh of March 2004, but it was definitely America that led the charge against the perceived threat of terrorism. However America did nothing when there were terrorist attacks that did not affect or threaten them, such as the campaign by the Real Irish Republican Army; including the Banbridge bombing on the First of August 1998, and the Omagh bombing of the Fifteenth of the same month, even continuing their hands-off attitude towards world security when the Real IRA began their campaign against London in the year 2000. But maybe this carelessness on the part of America was for the best as their response to terrorism has been heavy handed at best, War on Terror has already become deeply embedded in laws, policies, and the practices of government agencies, But nearly eight years since the 9/11 attacks, US charities are still treated as a threat to security. Although, the change in administration in Washington gave hope that the US government would adopt more measured responses to the threat of terrorism, (Howell, 2009. Pp53) Another way in which America is slowly but surely wearing away any sense of individuality in any other country is Globalisation and the impact that America has on the rest of the world economically. The recent economic crisis that has plagued the entirety of the world, has its roots in America, on Wall Street, and the greed of American bankers sending the world economy into a meltdown. Much like the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression that followed it, the economy of the entire world looks to Wall Street for its cues, economically, and when that collapses the entire world follows suit, not just in the United Kingdom, across the entirety of Europe national economies have collapsed completely and require bailing out. This is in contrast to the way in which America affected so many countries before the breakdown, with its material security; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the availability and expansion of material security and comfort enabled early American social patterns and culture to expand and solidify, to both delineate and spread an American national character. With growth, more people could participate in that distinctive culture more fully and could become more American (Fischer, 2010) This greed of America has other less deep effects, rather than the drastic nature of an economic meltdown, the desire for greater profits means that many American companies subcontract work abroad, where they have to pay workers less money for doing the same work; Most American computer firms now subcontract basic work to Bangalore, (Wes, 1996, pp.49) The ultimate result of this is that foreign workers have a loyalty to America for providing them work and allowing them to feed their families, and as they have to speak the language and think about America for the majority of their day. Inevitably American culture and sensibilities work their way into the daily life of these foreign workers. Americas globalisation is not only confined to high street outlets, as was mentioned in my introduction, but in actual fact goes much deeper than that. The majority of household brands consumed in England are American in origin, such as Mars, and every subsidy of that which comprises most of the chocolate eaten in the country and Coke and Pepsi which together produce the majority of all soft drinks. Even brands which ostensibly appear to be British are in fact American, such as the fact that ASDA is actually owned by Wal-Mart. Globalization as an economic phenomenon has been the dominant force for economic integration and the main driver of growth worldwide for many decades, although the speed of globalization- taken to include trade, finance, flows of information and technology, and offshoring- is unprecedented in modern economic history. The increased economic interconnections between countries are widely credited as one of the driving forces that significantly reduced poverty in China and Vietnam, enabled the poorer nations of Europe to ride the European Union train to higher incomes, and gave hope to some African countries. (Spence, M. 2010. Pp 4) However, as Spence states, Globalisation is not merely a one way system with America pushing its culture onto the rest of the world, there are many other cultures with a huge influence over the worldwide ethos, such as Japan and the huge influence Manga and Anime have over the fields of western animation and comic books, or the influence of J-Pop and J-Rock on music or the fashion sensibilities of Japans youth subcultures. It certainly appears that America has a far greater influence on other cultures than any other country, but I believe that this is simply because America is, comparatively, a newer country, having only existed independently for two-hundred and thirty-five years, and rather than gradually coming into being like most other countries, America came into being with a bang with the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4th 1776. Therefore, rather than gradually affecting neighbouring countries through occupation or the spread of changing languages, the use of foreign words in the English language is not seen as dominance of other cultures, American culture has had a much more sudden influence on the rest of the world. In regards to language, American words; sidewalk instead of pavement and American spellings of English words; color instead of colour for example have for the most part completely failed to influence the English language in any way. However there are many words in the English language which are actually foreign words in origin, for example French, abandon, abattoir and abbreviation, and German words such as, zeitgeist. However this may be due to historical concerns, the American language is essentially a slight variation on the English language which would explain why there has been little influence, and the fact that approximately thirty percent of the words in a standard English dictionary have a French origin is due to the Norman conquest in the 11th Century. Another reason for the dominance of American culture is the fact that, as a nation, America has entered the Empire building stage of their development during a time in which Empire building is strongly discouraged by the international community, all other countries that have had extensive Empires; Rome, Great Britain and Mongolia, greatly spread their culture around the Globe through sheer force and domination of the natives. Whereas America has to be more subtle in the ways in which American culture is spread, it is no longer acceptable to conquer a country and force the local populace to speak your language and follow your customs, so America has to make itself seem like the ideal, Sardar in fact refers to this with the title of his essay; American Dream/ Global Nightmare The American Dream in many ways, is the ultimate goal of every person on the globe, regardless of nationality or creed, to be allowed to support yourself and live how you want to live, but by naming it The America n Dream gives the impression that to be American is in itself the ultimate goal, this dream can only be achieved in America, The Land of the Free supposedly. However I do not believe that this submission to American cultural dominance is a necessity as Sardar claims it is, while it would undoubtedly be difficult to remove all American influences from your life, it would not be impossible. American culture is not as essential to life as oxygen or food or water, but the influence it has, both directly; such as the import of American brands and culture, like books and films, and also indirectly; such as the influences that American culture has had on books and films created in other countries, for example, as was mentioned earlier in this essay, the news media now reports either stupid nonsense of terrifying stories of horrific violence. This has come from an American influence, the cult of the celebrity is definitely American in origin, and possibly serves to fill the void left by the lack of a monarchy. In conclusion I believe that while America undoubtedly has a massive influence on the rest of the world and that the difference between American and non-American citizens is rapidly decreasing, but that doesnt mean that everyone is becoming an American citizen, it merely means that everyone is a citizen of the World. The increasing availability and dominance of technology means that communication across the world is now incredibly simple and the dominance of the internet means that practically anyone can interact with anyone else on the globe without actually having to meet them. In addition to this, Nietzsches Death of God, and the increasing redundancy of National Identity means that there is very little loyalty to either country or religion, only loyalty to ones self and ones family, this in itself is Americas greatest influence over the rest of the world. This combination of atheism and almost a self loathing of your country of origin, is what is causing many people to seem like American citizens, even when they are not. Americas worldwide domination is undoubtedly on the decline, the rising powers of India and China are threatening Americas hold over the culture of the world, in addition to this, Americas military imperialism is causing many people, both in America and throughout the World, to question the way in which the country is run, the torture committed at Guantanamo Bay and the suspension of civil liberties in the name of fighting terrorism is causing America to be painted as the real villain of the World building on the image sketched out by the war in Vietnam and the Watergate scandal. The blind, heartfelt patriotism of Americans who willingly went to die on foreign soil in the Second World War for Uncle Sam and Moms Apple Pie is well and truly dead, modern Americans are much more likely to question their country and their place in the world as is exemplified by the work of modern artists; such as film directors and rappers.

Essay --

CHAPTER TWO 2.0 OVERVIEW OF THE DESCRIPTION, LIFE CYCLE OF TRYPANOSOME 2.1. Cell Structure of Trypanosome Trypanosomes are unicellular protozoan having a single flagellum that contains microtubules in the 9+2 arrangement typical of other flagella. At the base of the flagellum, the kinetoplast is found which contains DNA in the form of about 6000 connected circles. The kinetoplast DNA is 10% of the total cellular DNA where the action of some anti-trypanosome drugs occurs such as ethidium. The kinetoplast is part of the single long mitochondrion which undergoes structural changes during various stages of life cycle. The surface of the bloodstream form trypanosome contains a dense coat of variable surface glycoproteins (VSGs) which is replaced by an equally dense coat of procyclins when the parasite segregate into the procylic form in the tsetse fly midgut (Ogbadoyi et al., 2000). Trypanosome brucie a flagellated protozoan, is the causative parasite of the infectious disease known as African trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness) in African, while in America, Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease which is prevalent to human and animal, both are fatal when left untreated (Brun et al., 2010; Carlier et al.,2003; Pereira et al., 2011). African trypanosomiasis is the prominent causes of death in the 36 countries of sub-Saharan African at about 70,000 deaths yearly (Barrett et al., 2003; Keith, 2005). There are two subspecies of trypanosoma brucei that causes sleeping sickness to human which are Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense while African animal trypanosomiasis or nagana disease is caused by T. congolense, T. vivax and Trypanosoma brucei brucei . Trypanosoma brucei brucei is not infective to ... ...vade immune response) that occur in trypanosome. Thus, persistent infection in the host results to continuity in cycle of trypanosome replication, immune complex development, and changing surface coat glycoprotein (Taylor and Authie, 2004; Sinshaw et al., 2006). The clinical signs of AAT are an intermittent fever, signs of anemia, lymphadenopathy, anaemia, anorexia, dullness, inactivation, depression, loss of milk and meat production, and death in un-treated cases and weight loss. In the pathogenesis of trypanosomiasis, immunosuppression is the most important and complicating factor caused by trypanosomes to their host. It is difficult to conclude which clinical signs are owing to a given parasite and only few studies have been made in this aspect to identify a specified sign to particular trypanosomes (Murray and Dexter, 1988; Garner et al., 2003).

Condoleezza Rice Essay -- Politics Political

Condoleezza Rice   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At this point in time the name and image of Condoleezza Rice is commonplace among the majority of informed Americans. As the first female to serve as the National Security Advisor to the President of the United States, Dr. Rice was propelled even further into the spotlight following the attacks on America on September 11th 2001. I too, like most Americans, saw a lot more of Condi, as she is known by her many friends and colleagues, after September 11. Clearly she was intelligent and always remained calm and poised in the face of adversity and standing before the cameras. I also noticed and appreciated her articulation and was even moved by what seemed like her stoic yet compassionate presentation. It was not until I read Dr. Rice’s biography, Condi, by Antonia Felix, however that she gained my utmost respect. By the 21st century a black successful black female is not as uncommon as it was fifty years ago. Black women had fought their way to the top in many arenas, including political such as the U.S. Senate. What is truly amazing about Condi’s story is speed and finesse with which she ascended to the top of everything she took on. An endearing friendship and mutual loyalty with both of the George Bushes surely did not hurt her. Condi’s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   success was hardly limited to the world of politics. She approached music, fitness, academics, sports, religion, and family with the same decisiveness, consistency, and determination that she brought to the public sector. Condi is also no stranger to controversy. Now more than ever she faces a host of critics, especially regarding her supposed knowledge of possible terrorist threats before they came to pass on September 11. Her Republican politics made her less than popular among African Americans although she maintains a more liberal perspective on social issues and remains pro-choice. In spite of her ups and downs it is ultimately her unfaltering character to which sh e can attribute her success as well as her status as what many call the most powerful woman in politics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The high academic pursuits of the Rice family did not exactly begin with Condoleezza and her generation. The foundation of this idea can be seen in chapter 2 of her autobiography in which the author begins the chronological record with a look at Julia Head Rice. Julia was born into slavery, albeit house slavery which was h... ...onsibilities were never ending and she approached them with the same grace and drive as she does everything in her life. Although the book end its documentation in 2002, shortly after 9/11, Condi’s duties have become no less urgent. Since that time she has had to defend her Administration against suggestions that the attacks could have been prevented and has done so quite well. The 2004 elections have just been completed and George W. Bush is returning to the White House for another term. Former Secretary of State Colin Powell has submitted his resignation and Condoleezza Rice has been nominated as a predictable replacement. If she survives the Senate approval hearings she will become the first black female and second female to fill the role. While I have full faith in her abilities I am concerned with the fact that without Powell in the National Security Council there will be no dissenting opinions. The proposed administration is politically homogenous. Surely Dr. Rice wo uld understand this concern as she herself is quoted in the opening lines of chapter 8 of her biography as saying â€Å"If you find yourself in the company of people who agree with you, you’re in the wrong company.†

The Consequences of Drinking And Driving Essay -- Alcohol, drunk drivi

Driving under the influence has affected many people's lives and families. Today I would like to talk to you about the problems of drinking and driving, and why it is a concern for all of us. Driving under the influence is one of the most common and dangerous situations you can put yourself or someone else in. The fact is that drinking and driving is a huge deal and can leave a long trail of broken dreams and hearts. If you drink and drive, not only are you putting yourself at risk, but your passengers and the pedestrians outside of your vehicle. According to the most recent statistics by the National Commission Against Drunk Driving states that 17,000 Americans die each year in alcohol- related traffic crashes and 600,000 Americans are injured (NCADD). That's is and average of one fatal accident every thirty minutes. Every thirty minutes someone's life has ended and his or her family and friends left to weep. Anyone of these accidents could easily be a family member, relati ve, or neighbor. Most of these alcohol-related crashes are not just cuts and bruises. People are paralyzed, severely disfigured, or have lost the ability to live out a normal life with work and having fun are now activities that now rely on the aid of others. There is plenty of reasons alcohol and driving does not mix. The body is a very complicated organism with everything needing to go just right for it to function properly. Alcohol only affects how your body functions negatively. Alcohol is a downer that reduces activity in the central nervous system. The person exhibits loss muscle tone, loss of fine motor coordination ( Net Biz Mentor). Depression and alcohol also do not mix. When people get depressed from everyday life they have the ten... ...up in jail because they are one tenth of a point over the legal limit. So try to manage your life, by not drinking and driving. If you do go out for a drink, try to go somewhere that you can reach either on foot or by public transportation. Think about sharing the driving and on different days with a group of people so that you can take turns at driving. If you do drink even though you meant not to, and you went out with your vehicle, consider taking a taxi and leaving your vehicle behind. This is a whole lot better than living with the guilt and shame of having killed a person or even a friend. Do you really want to be known as the person who has killed someone because of your stupidity? Work Cited -Mothers Against Drunk Drivers. Drinking Driving and Other Drugs. Homepage. 20 June 2003.

Innovations in water conservation and treatment Essay

Water recycling and treatment is very essential today since fresh water scarcity can be felt in many parts of the globe; conservation of water is really needed. What is â€Å"grey water† and how could it be useful to us? Include comments about â€Å"purple pipes† in this discussion. Grey water is wash water or any water used at home such as from dish, shower, sink, and laundry. Grey water does not include water that comes from toilets wastes and garbage grinders which is called black water. Not any of the sources of grey water contains disease organisms found in waste water. Grey water has fifty to eighty percent of inhabited waste water, can be reused for other purposes, especially in land irrigation. (Ludwig 2007) First, we should know the distinctions between grey water and black water in order for us to understand fully how to manage them and why they should not be mixed together, for environmental security as well. In combined waste water, toilet wastes have ninety percent of Nitrogen, which is the most alarming and not-easily-removed pollutants affecting the prospective drinking water supply, while grey water holds about ten percent only, which is mostly organic so animals can still use it when filtered. Human pathogens can be found significantly in feces according to health professionals. Since black water has more pathogens contained, toilet wastes should be kept out of waste water stream to radically reduce the risk of spreading such organisms through water. Lastly, grey water pollutants decompose quicker than that of the black water which implies a more rapid stabilization and prevention of water pollution. (Lindstrom 2000) Plants doesn’t necessarily need to thrive on pure drinking water, it would be a waste to do so since they can actually be flourished with used water with small bits of compost. Grey water reuse is one of the essential solutions to many environmental threats and will basically remain in the up coming generation. How can grey water be useful to us? What are its benefits? First, fresh water can be conserved because grey water can replace it in many purposes, increasing effective water supply in irrigation sites and at the same time money is also saved. Secondly, reuse of grey water causes less strain on septic tank or treatment plant, extending its capacity and existence. For the local government, if wastewater flow decreases the effectiveness of the treatment becomes higher, while lowering its costs. Also, grey water protects the quality of natural surface and ground waters, given that it is purified to an enormously high level in the upper, most organically active region of the soil. Moreover, energy and chemical use will lessen because instead of undergoing a treatment and pumping, wastewaters are being used for some other purposes. The use of grey water for plants revives groundwater. Besides it also facilitates a landscape to boom even if there is no enough water to support a large amount of plant growth. Erosion can take place when there is loss of nutrients through wastewater disposal in bodies of water, however the cultivated nutrients in grey water helps maintain the fertility of the land. Lastly, it takes account in yielding the awareness of the sensible husbandry of a significant resource. (Ludwig 2007) Purple pipes in the ground are used for irrigating plants and many other purposes but not for drinking. Indirect recycling of wastewater is better than using alternative water supplies such as purple pipes because it requires less effort to install, maintain and employ. It is also less costly. Indirect water recycling would benefit everyone, not just those areas serviced by purple pipes. (Queensland Government 2006) What is â€Å"desalinisation†? In your answer, include discussions of â€Å"reverse osmosis† and one other method of desalinization. Be sure to include the pros and cons of the methods discussed. Today, approximately only one percent of the Earth’s water is fresh; the oceans are being utilized to supplement the supply of fresh water. Desalination (also called desalinization) is the process of purifying seawater or brackish water, removing dissolved solids from water, to obtain a safe and clean drinking water. Method of desalination fall under two major categories: the thermal (evaporative) methods and the membrane based methods. (Gold Coast 2004) The membrane methods involve the use of force against salts or water through a synthetic membrane. Some examples of processes include electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, and nano-filtration. Reverse osmosis (RO) forces water through a membrane under external pressure to reverse natural osmotic flow. Water flows from a more intense saline solution as pressure is applied through the semi-permeable membrane. The remaining feed water that hasn’t passed the membrane yet will increase its salt concentration. The pressure at the surface of the membrane is increased to eliminate some feed water to prevent precipitation of supersaturated salts. Pretreatment, includes fine filtration and accumulation of acid or other chemical substances to restrain precipitation, is vital to prevent precipitation of salt and formation of microorganisms on the membranes. RO is considered as the most proper and suitable technology for desalination of seawater for drinking because it can remove chloride salts, pathogens and other contaminants. (Advameg Inc) One advantage of using membrane method is that it requires less energy than using thermal method, which consumes a large amount of heat energy to be able to perform evaporation. Moreover it has a lower visual impact. Nevertheless, some disadvantages include membranes are sensitive to feed water which may cause scaling and fouling. These methods also require a high level of pre-treatment. The efficiency and costs of the procedure is reliant on the salinity of feed water. (Gold Coast 2004) In thermal methods, the water will be subjected to evaporation leaving salt behind in concentrated brine. Then, it will be condensed in order to provide roughly pure water. Common processes include heat distillation, multi-stage flash, multi-effect distillation, mechanical vapor compression, and thermo-compression distillation. For example, in heat distillation, large amount of heat is being used to refine fresh water from sea water. Derived from the natural hydrologic cycle, whereas seawater is heated, water vapors are produced, and then condensed to form fresh water. In desalination plants, seawater is being subjected to large amount of heat to meet its boiling point to tolerate maximum vaporization. To make this process possible, the atmospheric pressure is being decreased to lower the boiling point of the seawater. With a lower boiling point, multiple boiling can be done using lower energy requirement and the rate of carbonate and sulfate scale productions on the equipment is being controlled. (Advameg Inc) The advantages of using thermal methods are the following; the systems are tough and insensitive to feed water quality variations, the energy efficiency is not affected by salinity levels, and lastly it produces a high quality of water. Some disadvantages include intensive energy required and high visual impact. (Gold Coast 2004) There are still many other methods that are being developed by the different sectors, whether private or governmental, in order to conserve fresh water and recycle the wastewater to make every drop useful and productive. These innovations would play a very important part in the long run; it can solve the problems regarding water shortage and scarcity all over the world. Everyone will benefit. References: About, Inc 2007, What is Reverse Osmosis? Available from: [19 September 2007]. Advameg Inc 2007, Desalinization. Available from: < http://www. waterencyclopedia. com/Da-En/Desalinization. html> [19 September 2007]. Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation June 1993. , FactSheet: Wastewater Recycling Systems. Available from: [19 September 2007]. Bynum, J April 9, 2007, Purple Pipes: The New Government Bio-Terrorism Threat. Available from: [19 September 2007]. City of Roseville 2007, Recycled Water. Available from: [19 September 2007]. Ecological Internet 2007, World Running Out of Water. Available from: [19 September 2007]. EcoWorld Inc 2007, The Global Environmental Community. Available from: [19 September 2007]. General Electric Company 2007, Desalination. Available from: [19 September 2007]. Gold Coast November 2004, Desalination. Available from: [19 September 2007]. HighBeamâ„ ¢ Research, Inc. 2007, New Desalinization Processes Could Solve World’s Water Shortages. Available from: < http://www. highbeam. com/doc/1G1-56846829. html> [19 September 2007]. Ludwig, A 2007, Grey Water Central. Available from: [19 September 2007]. Lindstrom, C 2000, Grey Water. Available from: < http://www. greywater. com/> [19 September 2007]. Movable Type Enterprise n. d. , Insane in the Membrane. Available from: < http://blogs. princeton.edu/chm333/f2006/water/02_desalination/01_reverse_osmosis/> [19 September 2007]. Movable Type Enterprise n. d. , Global Clean Water Crisis. Available from: [19 September 2007]. Movable Type Enterprise n. d. , Making Every Sip Count. Available from: [19 September 2007]. Movable Type Enterprise n. d. , Sewage and Such. Available from: [19 September 2007]. Movable Type Enterprise n. d., The Global Water Crisis: Our Inevitable Fate? Available from: < http://blogs. princeton. edu/chm333/f2006/water/02_desalination/> [19 September 2007]. Movable Type Enterprise n. d. , Water Quality. Available from: [19 September 2007]. Movable Type Enterprise n. d. , Water Crisis in Developing Countries. Available from: < http://blogs. princeton. edu/chm333/f2006/water/05_international_issues/ >[19 September 2007]. Queensland Government May 2006, South East Queensland Regional Water Supply Strategy. Available from: [19 September 2007]. State of Victoria November 6 2006, Grey water – recycling water at home. Available from: [19 September 2007]. Water Innovations Inc. 2007, Water Innovations. Available from: [19 September 2007]. National Research Council, Review of the Desalination and Water Purification Roadmap.. Washington, D. C. : Nat’l Academies Press, 2004.

Betrayal Hypothetical

In addition, I will discuss this as it retains to utilitarianism, egoism, and Interpretations of the â€Å"Golden Rule† from Hinduism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Confucianism. I will also discuss the results by the application to the facts and consider the questions: Was It right for you to forge your client's signature on the register? Would your answer be the same if the client was your child, spouse, or parent? And communicate the positive and negative outcomes of each solution. For me, the level of my relationship with Jane would determine my action.This along with social capital would establish Lorraine of risk, along with accepting Cane's story as the undeniable truth. Social capital Is a reflection of value Invested In a relationship. Tolerance. Com defines Social Capital as: An economic idea that refers to the connections between individuals and entities that can be economically valuable. Social networks that include people who trust and assist each ot her can be a powerful asset. These relationships between individuals and firms can lead to a state in which each will think of the other when something needs to be done.Along with economic capital, social capital is a valuable mechanism In economic growth. Networking Guru Ivan Imines relationships are divided into 3 levels: visibility, creditability, and profitability (PVC Process). In this model relationships are taken through a sequential process begin at visibility, establishment of creditability and development into profitability. Evidence of this type of relationship can be found with Dry Conrad Murray and Michael Jackson and Arthur Anderson and Enron.In both situations social capital along with fear of loss Influenced the Judgment of the reflections and lead to a willingness to bend rules and break laws. This economic idea coexists with the psychological concept of rule of reciprocity and its spiritual counterpart â€Å"the golden rule†. The rule of reciprocity refers t o responding to a positive action with another positive action, in other words rewarding kindness with kindness. This is highly used in advertising along with sales training course.In advertising and sales we are taught that If we can give an Individual something of value, they feel morally obligated to return something of value. The â€Å"golden rule† as fined in Christian theology is â€Å"do unto others as you would have them do unto you†. This can also be found universally in theology around the world. In eastern philosophy the â€Å"golden rule† is known as karma. Egoism believes that human beings by nature are self-fish. In the case of Jane if I applied egoism it would be in my best interest to not break the law to assist the client. To come to this conclusion I did a cost/benefit analysis of the situation.The cost of forging the document Is potentially addition, if I am caught the client my still be punished. The benefit of forging the document is that an innocent person would not potentially receive the death penalty. In the philosophy of utilitarianism I would need to consider my moral obligation to Jane. IT would be my duty to do everything â€Å"legally' within my power to keep her from being found guilty. In this instance I would need to find an alternative solution because forging and document and lying about it is illegal. If the client was a child, spouse, or parent I would feel different about forging the document.